All of the water:
70% of the world is covered by water. About 97% of it is located in the Earths oceans. The remainder is freshwater.
http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_map/world.gif
Freshwater:
2.5% of all water on Earth is fresh water http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/freshwater_supply/freshwater.html
A majority of the fresh water can be found in ice sheets, glaciers, and permafrost. It can also be found in ground and surface water. Lesser amounts can be found in the atmosphere.
Accessible water:
Only 1% of all water on Earth is usable. Usable water is most accessible from lakes and rivers. It can also be obtained from ground water, but ground water can be more difficult to get to in most cases. Unusable water can be typically found locked away in the glaciers and ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland.
Potable water:
Potable water (drinking water) is water that does not contain diseases or heavy metals and is safe for consumption. Access to potable water is a major problem for some under developed countries. Unlike the United States many underdeveloped countries do not have the luxury of turning on a kitchen faucet to obtain this vital resource. Access to potable water can also be a problem for developed countries after a natural disaster where it can become contaminated through waste or exposure therefore making it undrinkable. Potable water originates from either surface or ground water.
In the United States potable water is first treated by a water treatment facility before it is transported to homes, schools, and businesses via pipes. In some Caribbean islands rain water is stored using personal cisterns and is then transported to the home without going through a water treatment facility. Bottled water also originates from surface or ground water. The different tastes associated with different brands of bottled water is based on the origin of the water and the method of treatment for example ozonated surface water (Aquafina) versus non ozonated spring water (Deer park).
The map above shows the scarcity of water throughout the world. southwest USA, north Africa, southeast Australia, and southeast Asia have experienced physical water scarcity. Central Africa has experienced economic water scarcity (2006)
Contaminated water also originates from surface or ground water. Water becomes contaminated through the introduction of microbial pathogens, organics, inorganics, and radioactive elements. Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Inorganics include toxic metals like arsenic, barium, chromium, lead, mercury, and silver. Organics include pesticides, volatile organic chemicals (ex. degreasers, solvents), and trihalomthanes while radioactive elements include decaying uranium in soil.
Health effects associated with drinking contaminated water can be immediate or chronic and can result in temporary illness or death based on the type of contamination and the amount of water consumed. Based on the type of contamination water can be become potable through boiling, aeration, sunlight, micro organisms or other treatment methods. The best way to ensure that drinking water remains uncontaminated includes regular testing for contaminants, and physical observation.
The map shows an example of contamination caused by toxic metals and other toxic materials. Out of the four types of contamination stated above what kind of contamination is this?
If you stated inorganic contamination you are correct :)
2) Where in the world are the good and accessible soils for agriculture, silviculture, and farming?
Agriculture:
Arable soil is good soil for agriculture. When afforested, arable soil is high in nutrients, high in organic matter, high in pH and low in air- filled porosity. According to the US Bureau of reclamation land classification system it meets certain requirements. Arable land per population is mostly found in Oceania followed by North America and Europe. It is less found in Asia. Loam, peat, and muck are also good agricultural soils.
The maps above show the distribution of grain, oilseeds, and cotton crops throughout the world
http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/ogamaps/
Silviculture:Silviculture is the growing and cultivation of trees and Podsol (podzol) soil is the best type of soil for this environment. Podsol is a form of acidic soil with which organic matter and minerals are leached from the top light colored layer to the darker lower layer. This soil contains little organic matter and water does not flow. Podsol can be mostly found in the sub arctic, northen parts of humid continental climates, cooler parts of the marine west coast climates, and areas of high rainfall. This climate includes parts of Canada, 13% of New Zealand and parts of the Amazon basin.
This map states the distribution of Podzol in Canada
Farming:
Dark nutrient rich soil is the best soil for farming. These nutrients include potassium, nitrogen and phosphorous. Fertilizer and manure adds these nutrients to the soil. Other soil requirements for farming depends on the type of crop since different types of crop will have different needs. Pore space, microbial, and tillage management are other things to consider when choosing farming soil.
The maps above show the distribution of pastures and crops though out the world.
3) Where in the world is traditional industry? Where in the world is the high-tech industry?
Traditional industry:
Traditional industries are industries that have experienced little change over time, are the backbone of that region, and are key to that regions economical success . For example Georgia's traditional industries include pulp and paper, food processing, and textiles and carpets. Therefore if these economies collapse Georgia will experience great economical loss. In Rome traditional industries include machinery, chemicals, iron and steel, textile and food processing.
The map above is an example of tradition industry. It shows the top ten walnut producing countries in the world
High- tech industry:
High technical industries are highly dependent on science and technology which would lead to new or improved products and services. They have large economical impact and are fueled by research, higher than average sales growth, and new development. They usually produce advanced technology products such as electronics including computers, telecommunications, aerospace and military equipment.
The map above is an example of global high -tech industry. It shows the distribution of the computer and official equipment industry which includes Japan and parts of North America
4) Identify the ten most populated cities in the world. Identify the ten most populated cities in the United States. Identify tribal groups in the world that have little or no contact with "modern society". Where is the greatest ethnic diversity? Where is the least ethnic diversity?
Ten most populated cities in the world:
Rank Location Population
1 Tokyo, Japan 34.0 million
2 Seoul, South Korea 24.4 million
3 Guangzhou (Canton), China 24.2 million
4 Mexico City, Mexico 23.4 million
5 Delhi, India 23.3 million
6 Mumbai, India 22.8 million
7 New York, USA 22.2 million
8 Sao Paulo, Brazil 20.9 million
9 Manila, Phillippines 19.6 million
10 Shanghai, China 19.4 million
Ten most populated cities in the United States:
Rank Location Population
1 New York, New York 8,175,133
2 Los Angeles, California 3,792,621
3 Chicago, Illinois 2,695,598
4 Houston, Texas 2,099,451
5 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1,526,006
6 Phoenix, Arizona 1,445,632 7 San Antonio, Texas 1,327,407
8 San Diego, California 1,307,404
9 Dallas, Texas 1,197,816
10 San Jose, California 945,942
Tribal groups with little to no contact with modern society:
The Andamanese negrito-
They are located in the Andaman archipelago. Due to their location they are Indian citizens under the Indian union even though they may be unaware of it. The Great Andamanese, Onje, Jarawa, and Sentineli make up the four main groups.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Andamanese_comparative_distribution.png
Great Andamanese-
This group first came in contact with the British in 1858. They are made up of 10 tribes and have a population of approximately 3,500 people. They reside in the Great Andaman islands. They now live on a reservation on Straits island and have a population of about 30 individuals
The Onge-
They reside on Little Andaman and lived in peace until after the Indian Independence of 1947. They have a low birth rate and had a population of about 700 in 1858
The Jarawa-
This tribe was known as being hostile and unfriendly until October 1997. They remained undisturbed until the late 1960's when a road was built through their jungle. Indian settlers attempted to recruit the Jarawa as unskilled labor in field and plantations, but they refused and have remained faithful to their old way of life. They have remained non hostile but continue to live distant to the surrounding Indian population.
The Sentineli -
They live on north Sentinel island and have a population of about 100. They are one of the worlds most isolated and least known people mainly because they remain distant from modern civilization. When friendship visits were attempted the tribe threw coconuts at the boats. They have also been known to use bows and arrows against passing helicopters.
Senteli warrior shooting an arrow after a helicopter
Greatest ethnic diversity:
I had trouble locating this answer. My best guess would have been North America or Asia. North America because many individuals of diverse backgrounds migrated there to begin a new life. I would have also guessed Asia because it includes Russia, China, India, Mongolia, the Middle East, Indonesia etc. However, in the article below Tanzania tops the list with having 23 ethnic groups.
Least ethnic diversity:
I also had trouble locating this answer. My best guess would have been Japan or China, but according to the article below it would be Papua New Guinea.
5) Where in the world are the people? What are some interesting statistics about the quality of life for the people of the world? (For example, how many large populations live great distances from clean water?
Distribution of people:
India has the highest population density followed by Japan, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Tunisia, Europe, USA, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Distance from water:
Based on the maps below above it appears as if the distribution is based on a combination of access to water, access to ports, wealth and climate. It suggests that people tend to reside in wealthier countries close to major ports with warm climates and little water scarcity.Only 62% of the world’s population has access to improved sanitation.People living in the slums often pay 5-10 times more per liter of water than wealthy people living in the same city. A bathtub holds 151 L of water. A person living in a slum may only receive 30 L for all their daily needs. The above statistics show that wealth and access to water are vital resources. It suggests that poor people may have less access to clean water and would therefore experience a lower quality of life.
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